MARCH 2024

VOlUME 03 ISSUE 03 MARCH 2024
Learning Framework of Project as a Temporary Organization: Based On the Scandinavian School Arguments
Ali Salehi
Researcher of Management, TÉLUQ University (Université du Québec) School of Business Administration, Montreal, QC, Canada le 5800 St Denis, 5800 Saint Denis St, Montreal, Quebec H2S 3L4
DOI : https://doi.org/10.58806/ijsshmr.2024.v3i3n09

Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this study is identifying the nature of the project based on the Scandinavian school's arguments, examining the discourse of the critical success movement in PM, and then identifying project learning challenges as a critical success factor in project, and finally developing a comprehensive project learning framework which complies with project features. To this end, a systematic review method was used which, following its steps, out of 554 articles searched, 111 articles that were relevant to the research topic were selected and used. As the research conclusion, first, the project is a temporary organization, but not every temporary organization is a project. Second, although PM was praised by experts until a few decades ago, it was criticized by academics for a variety of reasons, including the failure of some important projects. Thus, the critical success movement was formed that emphasized the critical success factors in projects. Since project learning is considered one of the critical success factors, and it is also one of the major challenges in projects, in this study, a comprehensive project learning framework is developed. This framework is expected to be in line with the temporary nature of projects however, it has methodological limitations despite the development of related literature.

KEYWORDS:

PM, Temporary organization, The Scandinavian school, the critical success movement, project learning

REFERENCES

1) Ajmal, M., Helo, P., & Kekäle, T. (2010). Critical factors for knowledge management in project business. Journal of knowledge management. https://www.academia.edu/download/32007851/Hafez_Shurrab__Work_Task_1__Knowledge_and_Change_Manageme nt.pdf

2) Ajmal, M. M., Kekäle, T., & Takala, J. (2009). Cultural impacts on knowledge management and learning in project‐based firms. Vine. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/03055720911013634/full/html

3) Algeo, C. (2014). Action Research in a Project Environment. The Sage Encyclopedia of Action Research. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287782182_Action_Research_in_a_Project_Environment

4) Anderson, E. (2000). Beyond homo economicus: New developments in theories of social norms. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 29(2), 170-200. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2672816

5) Asheim, B. T. (2002). Temporary organisations and spatial embeddedness of learning and knowledge creation. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 84(2), 111-124. https://scholar.archive.org/work/piswlszb6besdf7scffex4ovdi/access/wayback/https://www.forskningsradet.no/
CSStorage /Vedlegg/Asheim_New1proof.pdf

6) Atkinson, R. (1999). Project management: cost, time and quality, two best guesses and a phenomenon, its time to accept other success criteria. International journal of project management, 17(6), 337-342. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786398000696

7) Aubry, M., & Hobbs, B. (2010). Project Management Office (PMO): a quest for understanding. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=LuKuDgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT10&dq=Project+Management+Office+(PMO):+a+quest+for+understanding&ots=l5rj_C_Qsh&sig=Bs05i3eEdcwgmtpre1_WoqnVCCY

8) Baer, M., & Oldham, G. R. (2006). The curvilinear relation between experienced creative time pressure and creativity: moderating effects of openness to experience and support for creativity. Journal of Applied psychology, 91(4), 963. https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0021-9010.91.4.963

9) Bakker, R. M., Cambré, B., Korlaar, L., & Raab, J. (2011). Managing the project learning paradox: A set-theoretic approach toward project knowledge transfer. International journal of project management, 29(5), 494-503. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786310000918

10) Bank, W. (2017). There is no learning without prepared, motivated learners. In. https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-1-4648-1096-1_ch5

11) Bansal, A., & Thakur, M. (2013). The impact of perception of organizational transfer climate factors and trainees’ characteristics on training transfer: The context of mergers and acquisitions. Journal of International Business and Economics, 1(1), 51. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anjali-Bansal5/publication/342720223_The_Impact_of_Perception_of_Organizational_
Transfer_Climate_Factors_and_Trainees'_Cha racteristics_on_Training_Transfer_The_Context_of_Mergers_and_Acquisitions/links/5f036f8ca6fdcc4ca44ec2c8/
TheImpact-of-Perception-of-Organizational-Transfer-Climate-Factors-and-Trainees-Characteristics-on-Training-TransferThe-Context-of-Mergers-and-Acquisitions.pdf

12) Bartsch, V., Ebers, M., & Maurer, I. (2013). Learning in project-based organizations: The role of project teams' social capital for overcoming barriers to learning. International journal of project management, 31(2), 239-251. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026378631200083X

13) Basan, L. (2012). Marketing macro-environmental factors: an opportunity for or threat to the travel agency business. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2nd advances in hospitality and tourism marketing and management conference. Corfu: Greece. https://www.bib.irb.hr/430444/download/430444.2ndahtmmc_submission_264.pdf

14) Borum, F., & Christiansen, J. K. (1993). Actors and structure in IS projects: What makes implementation happen? Scandinavian journal of management, 9(1), 5-28. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/095652219390032N

15) Chiaburu, D. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2008). Do coworkers make the place? Conceptual synthesis and meta-analysis of lateral social influences in organizations. Journal of Applied psychology, 93(5), 1082-1103. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Harrison-17/publication/228627006_Do_coworkers_make_the_place_Conceptual_synthesis_and_meta-analysis_of_lateral_social_influences_in_organizations/links/5446eb350cf22b3c14e0b7b6/Do-coworkers-make-the-place-Conceptual-synthesis-and-meta-analysis-of-lateral-social-influences-in-organizations.pdf

16) Chronéer, D., & Backlund, F. (2015). A holistic view on learning in project-based organizations. Project Management Journal, 46(3), 61-74. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pmj.21503

17) Cicmil, S., Hodgson, D., Lindgren, M., & Packendorff, J. (2009). Project management behind the façade. Ephemera: theory and politics in organization, 9(2), 78-92. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:455745/FULLTEXT02

18) Dai, C. X., & Wells, W. G. (2004). An exploration of project management office features and their relationship to project performance. International journal of project management, 22(7), 523-532. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786304000377

19) Davis, P. S., & Pett, T. L. (2002). Measuring organizational efficiency and effectiveness. Journal of management research, 2(2), 87. https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jmr&volume=2&issue=2&article=004

20) Dias, M., Tereso, A., Braga, A. C., & Fernandes, A. G. (2014). The key project managers’ competences for different types of projects. In New Perspectives in Information Systems and Technologies, Volume 1 (pp. 359-368): Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-05951-8_34

21) Duffield, S., & Whitty, S. J. (2015). Developing a systemic lessons learned knowledge model for organisational learning through projects. International journal of project management, 33(2), 311-324. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786314001227

22) Dwivedula, R., Bredillet, C., & Müller, R. (2012). The relation between work motivation and project management success in case of temporary organizations: theoretical lenses. Academy of Business Research, 2, 43-66. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2627287

23) Ekstedt, E., Lundin, R., & Wirdenius, H. (1992). Conceptions and renewal in Swedish construction companies. European management journal, 10(2), 202-209. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/026323739290070K

24) Engwall, M. (2003). No project is an island: linking projects to history and context. Research policy, 32(5), 789-808.

25) Garvin, D. A., Edmondson, A. C., & Gino, F. (2008). Is yours a learning organization? Harvard business review, 86(3), 109. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733302000884

26) Gil, A. J., & Mataveli, M. (2018). Project management and learning: the learning project. Human capital and competences in project management. Intechopen, London, 45-69. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=mhCQDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA45&dq=Project+management+and +learning:+the+learning+project&ots=nwXjLcbX2A&sig=2raOsotH8epfLZCBR8TSFcS5CqE

27) Gill, S. J. (2010). Developing a learning culture in nonprofit organizations: Sage. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=vKSAwLdfyZcC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Developing+a+learning+cultu re+in+nonprofit+organizations&ots=jPGKHvCtan&sig=R3c_pxSRZHp3zSfwPyKVs_bjBDE

28) Gong, Y., Huang, J.-C., & Farh, J.-L. (2009). Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy. Academy of management Journal, 52(4), 765-778. https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amj.2009.43670890

29) Goodman, R. A., & Goodman, L. P. (1976). Some management issues in temporary systems: A study of professional development and manpower-the theater case. Administrative science quarterly, 494-501. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2391857

30) Hamid, W. W., Saman, M. M., & Saud, M. (2012). Exploring factors influencing the transfer of training using a grounded theory study: Issues and research agenda. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 56, 662-672. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812041638

31) Hanisch, B., Lindner, F., Mueller, A., & Wald, A. (2009). Knowledge management in project environments. Journal of knowledge management. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/13673270910971897/full/html

32) Hicks, E. T. (2006). Individual and situational factors affecting transfer of training in a call center environment: University of Louisville. https://search.proquest.com/openview/908d5a2cf85bf81a2c8b2dfc075fef16/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

33) Hill, G. M. (2004). Evolving the project management office: a competency continuum. Information systems management, 21(4), 45-51. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1201/1078/44705.21.4.20040901/84187.6?needAccess=true&role=button

34) Hill, G. M. (2007). The complete project management office handbook: Auerbach Publications. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=e_d4AgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT7&dq=The+complete+project+mana gement+office+handbook:+Auerbach+Publications&ots=pE4HcOIWwG&sig=KgKAEyblLUJ0ezTk_qdl7dUIFPg

35) Hodgson, D., & Cicmil, S. (2016). Making projects critical 15 years on: a retrospective reflection (2001-2016). International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJMPB-10-2015-0105/full/html

36) Hoegl, M., & Gemuenden, H. G. (2001). Teamwork quality and the success of innovative projects: A theoretical concept and empirical evidence. Organization science, 12(4), 435-449. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.12.4.435.10635

37) Hu, Y., Chan, A. P., Le, Y., & Jin, R.-z. (2015). From construction megaproject management to complex project management: Bibliographic analysis. Journal of management in engineering, 31(4), 04014052. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000254

38) Huemann, M. (2016). Human resource management in the project-oriented organization: towards a viable system for project personnel: Routledge. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qlirCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Human+resource+management +in+the+projectoriented+organization:+towards+a+viable+system+for+project+personnel
&ots=zOWbQtP7ll&sig=oqJMHdplkH0GsFx5 ptP5oRlMbho

39) Hussin, A. (2011). The relationship between job satisfaction and job performance among employees in tradewinds group of companies. Open University Malaysia, http://library.oum.edu.my/repository/668/

40) Jacobsson, M., Burström, T., & Wilson, T. L. (2013). The role of transition in temporary organizations: linking the temporary to the permanent. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJMPB-12-2011-0081/full/html

41) Juran, J. M. (1988). Juran on planning for quality: Collier Macmillan. https://iucat.iu.edu/ius/4137038

42) Katz, R. (1982). The effects of group longevity on project communication and performance. Administrative science quarterly, 81-104. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2392547

43) Keegan, A., & Turner, J. R. (2001). Quantity versus quality in project-based learning practices. Management learning, 32(1), 77-98. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1350507601321006

44) Kelly, J. R., & Loving, T. J. (2004). Time pressure and group performance: Exploring underlying processes in the attentional focus model. Journal of experimental social psychology, 40(2), 185-198. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103103000945

45) Kenis, P., Janowicz, M., & Cambré, B. (2009). Temporary organizations: Prevalence, logic and effectiveness: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Q6M67gj8IioC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Temporary+organizations:+Prev alence,+logic+and+effectiveness:+Edward+Elgar+Publishing&ots=bFXCTTz99- &sig=XKJwLCJkZxstRtSitQ9L_Qno4bk

46) Koskinen, K. U. (2012). Organizational learning in project-based companies: A process thinking approach. Project Management Journal, 43(3), 40-49. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pmj.21266

47) Kotnour, T. (2000). Organizational learning practices in the project management environment. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/02656710010298418/full/html

48) Lampel, J., Scarbrough, H., & Macmillan, S. (2008). Managing through projects in knowledge-based environments: Special issue introduction by the guest editors. Long range planning, 41(1), 7-16. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024630107001215

49) Lee, S., & Lee, D. (2017). The role of agility in the relationship between use of management control systems and organizational performance: Evidence from Korea and Japan. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR), 33(3), 521-538. https://clutejournals.com/index.php/JABR/article/view/9944

50) Lim, D. H., & Johnson, S. D. (2002). Trainee perceptions of factors that influence learning transfer. International journal of training and development, 6(1), 36-48. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1468-2419.00148

51) Lindner, F., & Wald, A. (2011). Success factors of knowledge management in temporary organizations. International journal of project management, 29(7), 877-888. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786310001328

52) Long, M. H. (1985). A role for instruction in second language acquisition: Task-based language teaching. Modelling and assessing second language acquisition, 18, 77-99. https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkozje))/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=2630507

53) Love, P. E., Fong, P. S.-w., & Irani, Z. (2005). Management of knowledge in project environments: Routledge. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Hd3BbnzCctUC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=Management+of+knowledge+i n+project+environments&ots=zCjTajTCJ9&sig=q5c5cenaZPK1gD_0n2gY6tADzXs

54) Lundin, R. A., & Söderholm, A. (1995). A theory of the temporary organization. Scandinavian journal of management, 11(4), 437-455. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/095652219500036U

55) Lunenburg, F. C. (2012). Organizational structure: Mintzberg’s framework. International journal of scholarly, academic, intellectual diversity, 14(1), 1-8. http://www.nationalforum.com/Electronic%20Journal%20Volumes/Lunenburg,%20Fred%20C.%20Organizational%20S tructure%20%20Mintzberg%20Framework%20IJSAID%20V14%20N1%202012.pdf

56) Marchi, S., & Sarcina, R. (2011). Temporariness in appreciative reflection: Managing participatory and appreciative, action and reflection projects through temporary organisations. Reflective Practice, 12(2), 159-177. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623943.2011.561529

57) Marsick, V. J., & Watkins, K. E. (1998). Dimensions of the learning organization questionnaire. In: Warwick, RI: Partners for the Learning Organization. https://health-policy-systems.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1478-4505-13-6

58) McCarthy, A. M., Schoorman, F. D., & Cooper, A. C. (1993). Reinvestment decisions by entrepreneurs: rational decision-making or escalation of commitment? Journal of business venturing, 8(1), 9-24. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/088390269390008S

59) Mello, J., & Esper, T. (2007). S&OP, forecasting, and the knowledge-creating company. Foresight, 20(4), 25. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Mello/publication/5055561_SOP_Forecasting_and_the_Knowledge-Creating_Company/links/00b7d52b0da1510fa3000000/S-OP-Forecasting-and-the-Knowledge-Creating-Company.pdf

60) Milton, N. (2010). The lessons learned handbook: Practical approaches to learning from experience: Elsevier. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qUpWAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=The+lessons+learned+handb ook:+Practical+approaches+to+learning+from+experience&ots=teai40cOBQ&sig=zDKRwIAFPmcpcL97U8E1YKdYH QY

61) Milway, K. S., & Saxton, A. (2011). The challenge of organizational learning. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 9(3), 44-49. https://www.bridgespan.org/bridgespan/images/articles/the-challenge-of-organizational-learning/The-Challenge-of-Organizational-Learning.pdf

62) Mintzberg, H. (1993). Structure in fives: Designing effective organizations: Prentice-Hall, Inc. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1992-98280-000

63) Nijssen, M., & Paauwe, J. (2012). HRM in turbulent times: how to achieve organizational agility? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(16), 3315-3335. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09585192.2012.689160

64) Ostroff, C., & Schmitt, N. (1993). Configurations of organizational effectiveness and efficiency. Academy of management Journal, 36(6), 1345-1361.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276942673_'Configurations_of_Organizational_
Effectiveness_and_Efficiency'

65) Packendorff, J. (1995). Inquiring into the temporary organization: new directions for project management research. Scandinavian journal of management, 11(4), 319-333.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222478671_Inquiring_into_the_temporary_organization_New_directions_for_ project_management_research

66) Pemsel, S., & Wiewiora, A. (2013). Project management office a knowledge broker in project-based organisations. International journal of project management, 31(1), 31-42. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786312000464

67) Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2008). Systematic reviews in the social sciences: A practical guide: John Wiley & Sons. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470754887

68) Prencipe, A., Brady, T., Marshall, N., & Tell, F. (2005). Making sense of learning landscapes in project-based organizations. Management of knowledge in project environments, 197-218. http://www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/wbs/conf/olkc/archive/oklc3/papers/id314.pdf

69) Price, J. L. (1972). The study of organizational effectiveness. The sociological quarterly, 13(1), 3-15. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1972.tb02100.x

70) Quresh, F., & Uppatumwichian, W. (2008). Information Technology and Organizational learning: The IT Role on OL at Accenture and ABB. In: Mälardalens högskola. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:121404

71) Rousseau, D. M., Manning, J., & Denyer, D. (2008). 11 Evidence in management and organizational science: assembling the field’s full weight of scientific knowledge through syntheses. Academy of Management Annals, 2(1), 475-515. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325003332_11_Evidence_in_Management_and_Organizational_
Science_Asse mbling_the_Field's_Full_Weight_of_Scientific_Knowledge_Through_Syntheses

72) Sahlin-Andersson, K., & Söderholm, A. (2002). Beyond project management: New perspectives on the temporary-permanent dilemma: Liber. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:280433

73) Sammut-Bonnici, T., & Galea, D. (2014). PEST analysis. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/21816/1/sammut-bonnici%20pest.pdf

74) Santos, F. M., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (2005). Organizational boundaries and theories of organization. Organization science, 16(5), 491-508. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.1050.0152

75) Saunders, C. S., & Ahuja, M. K. (2006). Are all distributed teams the same? Differentiating between temporary and ongoing distributed teams. Small Group Research, 37(6), 662-700. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242393449_Are_All_Distributed_Teams_the_Same_Differentiating_Between_ Temporary_and_Ongoing_Distributed_Teams

76) Sense, A. J. (2011). The project workplace for organizational learning development. International journal of project management, 29(8), 986-993. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786311000214

77) Shane, B., & Schumacher, T. (1996). Capturing intellectual assets in a project management organization. https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/capturing-intellectual-assets-pm-organization-2036

78) Södergren, B. (1994). The learning effects of project work as a mechanism of organizational change. Paper presented at the I RA Lundin & J. Packendorff (red.) Proceedings of the IRNOP Conference on Temporary Organizations and Project Management. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=The+learning+effects+of+project+work+as+a+mechanism+of+organizational+change&btnG=

79) Söderlund, J. (2000). Temporary organizing-characteristics and control forms. In Projects as business constituents and guiding motives (pp. 61-74): Springer. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jonas-Soederlund/publication/286430865_Temporary_Organizing_-_Characteristics_and_Control_Forms/links/5759a5ff08ae9a9c954f1caa/Temporary-Organizing-Characteristics-and-Control-Forms.pdf

80) Suleiman, W., Dassanayake, M. S., & Othman, A. E. A. (2016). Roles of Trainee Characteristics and Work Environment in Training Transfer: A Conceptual Extension of Baldwin and Ford Model with Job Attitude Factors in Nigerian Context. Amity Journal of Training and Development, 1(1), 20-31. https://amity.edu/UserFiles/admaa/243Paper%202.pdf

81) Swan, J., Scarbrough, H., & Newell, S. (2010). Why don’t (or do) organizations learn from projects? Management learning, 41(3), 325-344. https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/wbs/conf/olkc/archive/olkc3/papers/contribution105.pdf

82) Takim, R., & Akintoye, A. (2002). Performance indicators for successful construction project performance. Paper presented at the 18th Annual ARCOM Conference. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/RoshanaTakim/publication/284823994_Performance_indicators

_for_successful_construction_project_performance/links/57c0142208aeda1ec386ce20/Performance-indicators-for-successful-construction-project-performance.pdf

83) Toffler, A. (1975). Alvin Toffler: Pacifica Tape Library. https://immagic.com/eLibrary/ARCHIVES/GENERAL/WIKIPEDI/W111202T.pdf

84) Turner, J. R., & Keegan, A. (2001). Mechanisms of governance in the project-based organization:: Roles of the broker and steward. European management journal, 19(3), 254-267. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263237301000226

85) Turner, J. R., & Müller, R. (2003). On the nature of the project as a temporary organization. International journal of project management, 21(1), 1-8. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786302000200

86) Vestola, E. N., Eriksson, P. E., Larsson, J., & Gustavsson, T. K. (2021). Temporary and permanent aspects of project organizing–operation and maintenance of road infrastructure. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJMPB-09-2020-0279/full/html

87) Veyrat, P. (2016). Organizational climate definition: Everything you need to know. Retrieved Juli, 7, 2019. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Organizational+climate+definition%3A+Everything+you+need+to+know.&btnG=

88) Von Zedtwitz, M. (2002). Organizational learning through post–project reviews in R&D. R&D Management, 32(3), 255-268. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/36387159_Organizational_Learning_through_Post-Project_Reviews_in_RD

89) Vrinda, N., & Jacob, N. A. (2015). The impact of job satisfaction on job performance. International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences, 2(2), 27-37. https://www.academia.edu/download/62184764/IJCISS2334Feb220200224-605-1t2yolt.pdf

90) Wandera, H. T. (2011). The effects of short term employment contract on an organization: A case of Kenya Forest Service. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(21), 184-204. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=b2bc8e4e8056f023f3981bd219887a9b7d6ccd6f

91) Wheeler, A. R., & Buckley, M. R. (2001). Examining the motivation process of temporary employees: A holistic model and research framework. Journal of Managerial Psychology. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EUM0000000005525/full/html

92) Wick, C. W., & León, L. S. (1995). From ideas to action: creating a learning organization. Human Resource Management, 34(2), 299-311. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hrm.3930340207

93) Williams, K. E., & Kotnour, T. G. (1993). An electronic performance support system for organizational learning. Computers & industrial engineering, 25(1-4), 93-97. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/036083529390229Q

94) Williams, T. (2003). Learning from projects. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 54(5), 443-451. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601549

95) Williams, T. (2008). How do organizations learn lessons from projects—And do they? IEEE Transactions on engineering management, 55(2), 248-266. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4456531

96) Yamada, T. (2013). Responsibilities of Top Management in the Flat-Panel TV Wars: An analysis based on the new DC framework. Environment, 3(E2), E1. http://iasm.jp/file/taikai11_sample-e.docx

97) Youker, R. (1999). The difference between different types of projects. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 30th Annual Project Management Institute 1999 Seminars & Symposium, Philadelphia, PA, USA. https://pmworldlibrary.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/pmwj57-Apr2017-youker-different-types-of-projects-SecondEdition.pdf

98) Yüksel, I. (2012). Developing a multi-criteria decision making model for PESTEL analysis. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(24), 52. https://www.academia.edu/download/95577340/4ff68ca2f0d11106b9264f51a985ad248d62.pdf

99) Wrike. 2021. Why Should I Use Tasks & Projects in Project Management Software? Online. Available in: https://www.wrike.com/project-management-guide/faq/why-should-i-use-tasks-projects-in-project-management-software/

100) Yeatman, H. R., & Nove, T. (2002). Reorienting health services with capacity building: a case study of the Core Skills in Health Promotion Project. Health Promotion International, 17(4), 341-350. https://academic.oup.com/heapro/article-abstract/17/4/341/607017

101) Perminova, O., Gustafsson, M., & Wikström, K. (2008). Defining uncertainty in projects–a new perspective. International journal of project management, 26(1), 73-79. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786307001263

102) Health Alex. 2019. What is the origin of the word wisdom? Online. Available in: https://easierwithpractice.com/what-is-the-origin-of-the-word-wisdom/

103) PMI. 2021. What is Project Management? Online. Available in: https://www.pmi.org/about/learn-about-pmi/what-is-project-management

104) Tyosujelu, 2021. Repetitive work. Online. Available in: https://www.tyosuojelu.fi/web/en/working-conditions/physical-workload/repetitive-work

105) Merriam webster. 2022. social system. Online. Available in: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social%20system

106) Desveaux A. James. 2019. Adhocracy. Online. Available in: https://www.britannica.com/topic/adhocracy

107) Olufemi B Vaughan. 2021. Project as Temporary Organization. Online. Available in: https://www.academia.edu/14398299/Project_as_Temporary_Organization

108) Janowicz, Martyna Bakker, René M. Kenis, Patrick N. 2008. Online. Available in: https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/temporary-organizations-contemporary-business-operations-7136

109) Sobhoyah, M.H, Aghdasi, M., Shami, M.Z., Hakimian, H., 2018. Holistic view to learning in projet based organization. Management Science. 24 (88), 1- 24. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276074317_A_Holistic_View_on_Learning_in_Project-Based_Organizations

110) Julie Kirsch. (2018). What learners want: Strategies for learning delivery. Online. Available in: https://trainingindustry.com/magazine/mar-apr-2018/the-managers-role-in-reinforcing-learning-cptm/

111) Twproject. 2022. Online. Available in: https://twproject.com/blog/effort-duration/#:~:text=The%20duration%20is%20usually%20expressed,by%203%20hours%20%2F%20day).

112) Sense, Andrew. 2004. An architecture for learning in projects? Journal of Workplace Learning, 2004 - emerald.com. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/13665620410528498/full/html

113) Sue Lancaster, Lee Di Milia. 2014. Organisational support for employee learning: An employee perspective. European Journal of Training and Development, ISSN: 2046-9012. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EJTD-08-2013-0084/full/html

VOlUME 03 ISSUE 03 MARCH 2024

Indexed In